Maltese translation and adaptation of champion’s health belief model scale and the revised illness perception questionnaire for breast screening among Maltese women

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Translating, adapting, and piloting Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale for Mammography Screening (CHBMS-MS) and Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) among Maltese women. Methods: The Maltese questionnaire (Maltese Breast Screening Questionnaire [MBSQ]) was developed through 9 steps. Bilingual women (n 5 15) completed MBSQ at 2 time points. Results: During forwardbackward translations (Steps 1–4), 4 English controversial terms were raised. Twelve experts agreed on terminologies during adaptation process (Step 5). Following face validity (n 5 6; Step 6), 3 items were deleted. Following reconciliation (Step 7) and proofreading (Step 8), MBSQ consisted of 121 items. Pilot testing (Step 9) showed positive correlation (CHBMS-MS 5 .87, IPQ-R 5 .85; p , .001); high Cronbach’s alpha (CHBMS-MS 5 .93, IPQ-R 5 .92); overall acceptable internal consistency (CHBMS-MS 5 .69–.83, IPQ-R 5 .75–.93); and acceptable test–retest reliability correlations: CHBMS-MS (Maltese 5 .62–.76; English 5 .61–.84), IPQ-R (Maltese 5 .63–.82; English 5 .61–.91; p , .001). Conclusions: Maltese and English scale items demonstrated high reliability and validity preliminary values.