Comparing water pollution levels in various irrigation sources used for agriculture around different locations in the Maltese Islands

Abstract

This project aimed to compare water quality in different Districts of Malta and assess the water sources used for agriculture. Water samples were analysed to identify potential contaminants and classify the Districts based on water quality. The study also examined the impact of water quality on agricultural practices and farmers' concerns. The findings provide insights into water quality, its impact on agriculture, and the perspectives of farmers. The study focused on variables such as pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides, and nitrates, which are crucial for crop selection and irrigation. Thirty-six samples were collected from the Six Districts, with variable agricultural holdings. Borehole water emerged as the primary irrigation source, followed by rainwater and spring water. Illegal boreholes were identified as issues. Drip irrigation was the most common irrigation method used, offering efficiency and water conservation. Market gardening and potato crops were found to be the most water intensive. The study also revealed variances in organic farming practices. Some water quality issues reported by farmers, included salinity and high nitrate levels. Corrective measures were noted. pH and conductivity analysis showed variations in different water sources. Rainwater had lower conductivity and chlorides compared to borehole and spring water. Nitrate pollution was a major concern, with most samples exceeding the EU limit. Correlation analysis highlighted relationships between conductivity, chloride, nitrate, and pH. Principal Component Analysis provided insights into sample clustering based on water source and region. Overall, the project provides information for improving water quality and better agricultural sustainability in Malta.