Orpheus in literature : different interpretations and adaptations of the myth in literature from the mid-19th century to contemporary times

Abstract

The myth of Orpheus has been influencing artists ever since it was conceived. Despite how old the myth is, it still survives and exists in various forms of literature. Myths survive through their ability to change according to the times, yet the myth of Orpheus holds a particular place among these myths as having become a symbol of many things. It has come to symbolise pain, love, muse, art, and even as a form of validation for the feminist movement. In this dissertation I will be looking at this myth, and trying to understand the different interpretations some of the modern works of literature have given this myth, and why. This dissertation will by no means be an exhaustive view into this world of literary adaptations, as there are simply too many. However, it will give a small view into this intricate and challenging world that is Orpheus in literature. This dissertation will look at some literatures that have adapted the myth of Orpheus for some purpose or other, be it as a tool to push a narrative forward, or used for its symbolic value to further emphasise the narrative’s message. It will attempt to delve into the meanings behind the literature, and determine what the author is trying to do or say by adapting the myth of Orpheus. The first chapter will serve as the introduction, in which I will explain why I chose to write this dissertation, as well as provide a background on what an adaptation is. I will also be discussing the elements of the myth of Orpheus that might make it so attractive to authors, such as Orpheus being the perfect image of a man whose art holds tremendous power and influence. In the second chapter, I will be giving a brief explanation as to the figure of Orpheus as a myth, the philosophy of the movement which the ancient Greeks believed he started and is known as Orphism, and the cult that followed the teachings of Orpheus. It will also offer some basic background regarding how the myth of Orpheus has been interpreted. In the third chapter I will give a short description about written prose, and discuss why it is important. I will then look at the way the myth was adapted for three novels and two short narratives. In the fourth chapter I will provide a brief explanation of theatre and drama, as well as discuss the importance of this form of literature. I will also attempt to discuss three plays and determine why they adapted the myth of Orpheus. I will analyse how the myth was adapted and applied in these three plays, and what message these plays could be trying to convey. The fifth chapter will serve to give some background information on poetry, but it will also serve to give a glimpse at how some modern poetry treats the myth of Orpheus.