A study of a multi-element front wing aerodynamic performance using computational fluid dynamics

Abstract

This dissertation investigates the aerodynamic performance of multi-element front wings operating in ground effect. This examines the aerodynamic interplay between individual elements of a multi-element wing. It specifically focuses on the influence of endplates, the variation in ground clearance, and the impact of various ground boundary conditions on the overall aerodynamic performance of the wing. Computational simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent, focusing on the influence of individual wing components and ground proximity. Six configurations were analysed employing the K-Epsilon turbulence model with enhanced wall treatment. This explores the Coanda effect's role in enhancing downforce generation while acknowledging its contribution to airflow disturbance. The Kutta-Joukowski theorem is employed to theoretically explain the increased circulation and downforce achieved through multi-element configurations. The Venturi effect between elements is identified as crucial for maintaining attached flow and delaying separation at the trailing edges, further contributing to downforce. Building upon Smith's prior research, the intricate interactions within the multi-element wing are examined, including the slat effect, dumping effect, circulation effect, off-surface pressure recovery, and the fresh boundary layer phenomenon. Simulations comparing stationary and moving ground configurations suggest a decrease in drag and an increase in downforce with moving ground, potentially due to the interaction of boundary layers. The effect of endplates is also analysed, revealing an increase in both downforce and drag. However, the lift-to-drag ratio improves with endplates due to their role in mitigating pressure losses between suction and pressure surfaces. The impact of ground clearance is investigated, demonstrating a rise in downforce until a point of peak efficiency at 0.1 chord length. Beyond this point, downforce reduces while drag increases, likely due to boundary layer merging and a subsequent decrease in flow velocity beneath the wing, leading to higher pressure and reduced downforce generation.