Will bioceramics be the future root canal filling materials?

Abstract

Purpose of Review Filling the root canal is necessary when the dental pulp is lost as the dead space will be colonised by bacteria, leading to reinfection of the root canal and treatment failure. Treatment methodology depends on the extent of root formation and the choice of materials available. This review looks at the classical clinical methods and also queries if the newer materials change the treatment rationale. Recent Findings There is considerable confusion with no- menclature for some classes of dental materials. The newer materials have specific features that may not address the treat- ment needs. Nonetheless, the use of bioceramics and related materials definitely modifies and improves treatment outcome. Summary The classical treatment methods for filling the root canals of both immature and mature teeth are quite well- established in clinical practice. Open apices are treated with calcium hydroxide paste for an extended period of time to stimulate barrier formation at the apex, and the roots are then obturated in a similar way to adult teeth using a solid cone and root canal sealer. With the introduction of bioceramics and related materials, treatment of the immature apex has been shortened to one to two visits. Bioceramic root canal sealers have changed the concept of root canal obturation from the concept of hermetic seal and inert materials to biological bonding and activity. The introduction of these materials has certainly changed the clinical outcomes of filling the root ca- nals. Treatment time has been reduced, which is beneficial for the treatment of paediatric patients. The chemical bond and antimicrobial properties of the sealers in conjunction with hy- draulic properties are promising and can potentially improve the clinical success of treatment. Further research is necessary to be able to define clinical protocols for the use of these materials in order to optimise their properties.