Physical activity in oldest-old individuals : an interpretative phenomenological study

Abstract

Population ageing is a worldwide phenomenon and Malta is not an exception, therefore, research about age-related issues is highly recommended. The aim of this research project is to explore how physical activity (PA) contributes to oldest-olds` perceptions of successful ageing (SA). The study adopted a qualitative approach while interpretative phenomenological analysis was the framework chosen to analyse the participants` lived experiences. Snowball sampling was the sampling technique chosen in obtaining 10 homogenous participants (5 males and 5 females) aged between 80 and 93 years old who were still physically active either by employment or by recreational activities. Data collection involved one-to-one semi-structured interviews which were audio-recorded while data was analysed through thematic analysis. The findings of this research project were divided into three main themes which were; physical activity as a key component of perceived successful ageing, maintaining a routine as a coping mechanism in oldest-old individuals and the way forward: recommendations from the lived experiences of the oldest-old individuals. Each main theme was further divided into subthemes. The results identified various aspects of PA including bio-psycho-social benefits, barriers associated with lack of PA and different types of PA that contributed to SA in later life as outlined by the oldest-old participants. Throughout the interviews, the participants identified self-determination, daily routine, employment, spirituality and nutrition as key components for achieving SA in later life as enhanced by regular PA. The oldest-old participants pointed out certain recommendations involving elder respect, accessibility and education in order to promote SA as well as a source of encouragement so that more oldest-old individuals remain living independently in their community. The study offered a platform for other research projects which study how PA contributes to SA in a wider context by analysing the PA contribution to SA of all the old age cohorts not only oldest-old individuals. Apart from this, the study highlighted what are the needs of the oldest-old individual in everyday life with regards to regular participation of PA as portrayed by the oldest-olds lived experiences themselves. The study concluded that education is the way forward in creating awareness amongst oldest-old individuals about the benefits of keeping physically active in later life.