Proposals for sustainable visitor management on Comino, Malta

Abstract

Tourism-related issues in Comino, a Natura 2000 site, are on the rise due to overcrowding and inappropriate uses which negatively affect the integrity of local habitats and the visitor experience. Measures for tourism management are needed to address this situation and achieve sustainability in Comino for the benefit of the natural environment and all stakeholders, i.e., visitors, authorities, NGOs, public entities, private enterprises, and the general public. This research aims to study possibilities for improved visitor management on the island. A variety of sources have been thoroughly explored and both quantitative and qualitative data has been compiled, processed, and analysed in this regard. Methodologies employed entailed desk studies, field surveying, expert consultation, statistical analysis, and GIS mapping. Visitors were surveyed onsite and relevant parameters were assessed, i.e., nature connectedness, landscape values, extent of agreement with management measures and pro-environmental options, and willingness to accept restrictive measures, among others. A number of experts were interviewed to assess the sensitivity, the resilience, and the ecological importance of Comino habitats, as well as to analyse actions that are appropriate and needed from a conservation point of view. Findings suggest that tourism activity and uses are clustered in a few specific sites of the island generating pressures on sensitive habitats which are important for conservation. The three main sites of concern are the area between Blue Lagoon and Crystal Lagoon, the vegetated land surrounding the main roads, and especially the Santa Marija Bay and surroundings. Trampling, littering, and wildlife disturbance represent the main tourism-related pressures, causing detrimental effects on protected habitats and species, i.e., plant life and birds. This research also notes that Comino is not being advertised by private and public authorities as a protected area of high ecological value, which explains the limited awareness of Comino’s natural assets among visitors. As a result of this research’s findings, a set of recommendations for tourism management in Comino is being outlined. This includes the formulation and implementation of comprehensive educational programmes which aim at encouraging pro-environmental behaviours among visitors and other stakeholders while minimising negative effects of tourism. Appropriate marketing (or demarketing) of Comino as a nature-based tourism destination, onsite signposting, and the creation of a research centre for the interpretation of local flora and fauna are recommended. Restrictive measures for boats and other vehicles on the island are suggested to ensure sustainable uses, which includes permitting systems, eco-taxes, or restricted access, among others. The upgrade of roads and the creation of footpaths are recommended to prevent further impact derived from trampling and dust dispersal. Effective waste management is required to mitigate negative effects caused by rat population. Monitoring visitor numbers and activity, together with the introduction of a park ranger or warden are also key measures to be considered. The commitment, compromise, and cooperation among authorities and key stakeholders are needed to successfully formulate, implement, and enforce these measures, which are likely to benefit both visitors and the natural environment while ensuring sustainable local livelihoods.