The magistral "possesso" of Mdina : a study of a hospitaller ritual in early modern Malta, 1530-1798

Abstract

In the last twenty years or so, one has seen a surge in popularity of re-enactments of events dating back to the Hospitaller period. Many seem to feature a Grand Master dressed in his traditional black magistral robes as well as other members of the Order walking processionally through the streets of Birgu and on occasion Mdina. These re-enactments, as the word suggests are mere representations or interpretations of events that happened in early modern Malta and, yet, they never fail to enthral, fascinate and entertain spectators. The question that arises is how did the participants and spectators in early modern Malta react to these spectacles, and how did they interpret them? The purpose of this dissertation is to throw a spotlight on one particular event, the ceremonial entry or possesso of Mdina by the Grand Masters of the Order of St John. By all accounts this was a truly memorable spectacle, designed to dazzle and inspire awe in those who observed it. It was a civic ritual that was immortalised for future generations by Antoine Favray and as such has captured the imagination of many. This ceremonial entry, however, was so much more than a mere spectacle or show of ostentation. It was a medium through which authority was confirmed, power legitimised and obligations incurred. The clothes, temporary street decorations, the gifts bestowed by participants to other participants or spectators and solemn oaths, were all important elements of this memorable event, each having their own significance. Its importance was such that it was repeated a number of times during the Hospitaller period. This dissertation will examine the possesso from the perspective of participants and spectators alike, how this was chronicled and recorded for posterity and how this compared to similar rituals overseas. Moreover, one cannot truly appreciate the significance of the possesso without delving into the political realities of the time which were in constant flux. The aim is to examine the individual elements whilst also providing a context for this solemn yet dazzling spectacle that fascinates observers to this very day.