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DC Field | Value | Language |
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dc.contributor.author | Mifsud, Simon | - |
dc.contributor.author | Cilia, Kyle | - |
dc.contributor.author | Mifsud, Emma L. | - |
dc.contributor.author | Gruppetta, Mark | - |
dc.date.accessioned | 2022-02-12T08:44:45Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2022-02-12T08:44:45Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2020 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Mifsud, S., Cilia, K., Mifsud, E., & Gruppetta, M. (2020). Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 81(11), 1-9. | en_GB |
dc.identifier.uri | https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/88761 | - |
dc.description.abstract | Lithium is a mood stabiliser widely used in the treatment and prophylaxis of mania, bipolar disorders and recurrent depression. Treatment with lithium can give rise to various endocrine and metabolic abnormalities, including thyroid dysfunction, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and hypercalcaemia. Lithium may induce hypercalcaemia through both acute and chronic effects. The initial acute effects are potentially reversible and occur as a result of lithium's action on the calcium-sensing receptor pathway and glycogen synthase kinase 3, giving rise to a biochemical picture similar to that seen in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia. In the long term, chronic lithium therapy leads to permanent changes within the parathyroid glands by either unmasking hyperparathyroidism in patients with a subclinical parathyroid adenoma or possibly by initiating multiglandular hyperparathyroidism. The latter biochemical picture is identical to that of primary hyperparathyroidism. Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism, especially in patients on chronic lithium therapy, is associated with increased morbidity. Hence, regular monitoring of calcium levels in patients on lithium therapy is of paramount importance as early recognition of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism can improve outcomes. This review focuses on the definition, pathophysiology, presentation, investigations and management of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism. | en_GB |
dc.language.iso | en | en_GB |
dc.publisher | Mark Allen Publishing | en_GB |
dc.rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess | en_GB |
dc.subject | Hyperparathyroidism | en_GB |
dc.subject | Lithium -- Physiological effect | en_GB |
dc.subject | Calcium -- Metabolism | en_GB |
dc.title | Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism | en_GB |
dc.type | article | en_GB |
dc.rights.holder | The copyright of this work belongs to the author(s)/publisher. The rights of this work are as defined by the appropriate Copyright Legislation or as modified by any successive legislation. Users may access this work and can make use of the information contained in accordance with the Copyright Legislation provided that the author must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the prior permission of the copyright holder. | en_GB |
dc.description.reviewed | peer-reviewed | en_GB |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.12968/hmed.2020.0457 | - |
dc.publication.title | British Journal of Hospital Medicine | en_GB |
Appears in Collections: | Scholarly Works - FacM&SMed |
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Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism.pdf Restricted Access | 184.82 kB | Adobe PDF | View/Open Request a copy |
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