The seismic reflection technique : a case study in the Po valley

Abstract

The seismic reflection technique is by far the most widely used tool in geophysical exploration. This provides high definition and resolution of the subsurface geology and is the principal, almost exclusive, method in petroleum exploration. The method makes use of artificially generated seismic waves that are reflected back when coming across a geological discontinuity. The time required for the waves to travel through the Earth's interior provides a direct measurement of the depth of the discontinuities from which subsurface maps can be constructed. Once mapped, these are assessed for its mineral, engineering and economic potential. This dissertation reviews the seismic reflection technique, its application in the exploration for petroleum and presents a case study of an onshore survey in the Po Valley in northern Italy. Approximately 150 km of vintage, two-dimensional (2-D) seismic line data is interpreted on a SMT KINGDOM Work Station and integrated with well data to construct subsurface structural maps at the Triassic level, this being the principal exploration target in the area. A prospect is identified and constitutes a structure formed under a compressive stress regime attributed to the formation of the Southern Alps in the Miocene. It is then assessed for its hydrocarbon, risk and economic potential, in the context of the geology of the area and this assessment determines the viability of the exploration target.