On the performance of ML-MC as a depth discriminant for small seismic events recorded at local distances in Yellowstone, Oklahoma, and Italy

Abstract

A recent study by Koper et al. (2016) found that the difference between local magnitude (ML) and coda duration magnitude (MC) successfully distinguished shallow seismic events (mining blasts, mining-induced seismicity, and shallow tectonic earthquakes) from deeper seismic events (tectonic earthquakes) in the Utah region and could therefore be helpful for blast discrimination. Here we present tests of the performance of ML-MC as a depth discriminant in three regions and show that it is effective in all of them. Initially, we investigated ML-MC as a function of depth for seismicity in and around Yellowstone National Park recorded by the University of Utah Seismograph Stations. For 2,845 Yellowstone earthquakes with well-constrained depths varying from 0-25 km, we found that ML-MC decreases 0.036 ± 0.014 magnitude units (m.u.) per 1 km in depth over the depth range of 0-8 km. Then, we examined ML-MC values for anthropogenic seismicity recorded by the National Earthquake Information Center in northern Oklahoma and southern Kansas. We found that for 1,692 events with well-constrained depths, the slope of ML-MC for the shallowest 10 km in depth is 0.037 ± 0.016 m.u. per 1 km depth. Finally, we analyzed ML-MC for 28,721 well-located earthquakes in Italy and Sicily recorded by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. This region showed an increase of 0.017 ± 0.001 m.u. per 1 km depth, up to 30 km in depth. In each case, the quoted error bounds represent 99% confidence regions. We performed several robustness tests in which we varied the depth bin size, the criterion used to define a well-constrained depth, and the depth range used in the linear fit. In nearly all cases we found a positive slope for ML-MC vs. depth at a confidence level above 99%. Our results provide further evidence that ML-MC is useful as a depth discriminant for events recorded at local distances in different physiographic regions.