The effectiveness of physical exercise among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a type of the three main types of diabetes; type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and gestational diabetes (GDM). Diabetes is a chronic disease imposing further several risk factors especially if uncontrolled. In prediabetes, type 2 diabetes can be prevented if managed appropriately. As stated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2022), around 96 million Americans are experiencing prediabetes while more than 133 million suffer from the disease itself. The prescribed insulin and other treatment together with an appropriate diet as advised by diabetic educators are the main factors that control diabetes; however, this study evaluates the effect of physical exercise on controlling type 1 diabetes in children. Research Question: Is physical exercise effective in improving glycaemic control amongst children with type 1 diabetes? PICO Elements: The Population studied (P) were children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. The Intervention (I) studied was performing physical exercise in Comparison (C) with no exercise engagement. The desired Outcome (O) was the control of blood glucose levels. Outcome of the search and method of appraisal: Different databases were used to conduct information about this specific literature search. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to retrieve related articles with regards to evidence-based practice (EBP). Systematic reviews (SRs), meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were acceptable, as they occupy the top of the Hierarchy of evidence; however, one CSS was also eligible due to important information about the topic of interest. Only peer-reviewed articles written in the English language were included and those that were published in the last five years. The corresponding Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools were used for the critical appraisal of the articles. Results from the evidence: After the critical appraisal of the analysed articles, it was overall noted that children with T1DM who perform physical exercise benefit, meaning that it is effective in the control of blood glucose levels and in reducing further complications. However, several factors such as the frequency and intensity also determine its effectiveness. Despite the consistency of the articles chosen, several limitations were noted therefore, several differences may need to be addressed. Implications and Recommendations: The importance of further future research was highlighted especially recommendations for local studies to be conducted. It was also suggested the importance of implementing specific guidelines and protocols with regards to this concept.