Mercury-induced heavy metal toxicosis : a review

Abstract

Most heavy metals in the environment can cause conditions collectively referred to as heavy metal toxicosis or poisoning. Such conditions are influenced by the quantity involved, pathophysiology and even radioactivity of the heavy metal (1-3). Cases of heavy metal poisoning in humans have been documented since antiquity (4), becoming more relevant over the last century due to global industrialisation, greatening the risk of occupational and environmental exposure. This concerns pesticide use, industrial runoff or effluent, spills, and leakages, amongst others. Bioaccumulation can subsequently occur once toxic heavy metals contaminate the environment, which negatively impacts different organisms, including humans. In recent times, protocols to phase out all heavy metal use and improve occupational and environmental health and safety have started implementation (5,6). Consequently, notable decreases in heavy metal emissions are now being observed in some geographic regions (Figure 1 ). [excerpt]