Overprotection experienced by persons with intellectual disability in Malta, and the effect on their self-determination

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to understand the way overprotection is experienced by adults with intellectual disability (ID) in Malta, as well as to recognise how this affects their self-determination. This concept is studied from the perspective of adults with ID and from the perspective of social workers who work with persons with ID. Furthermore, this research aims to understand how social workers can foster the self-determination of persons with ID in their practice. Qualitative online interviews were carried out with nine adults with ID and nine social workers. This study has indicated that, although overprotection has reduced and persons with ID have become more empowered over the years, there is still a lot of progress to be done in Malta for persons with ID to experience less control and become more self-determined. The majority of persons with ID who participated in this study show autonomy, seek independence, and demonstrate an array of self-determination characteristics. Others, unfortunately, face barriers to leading an independent life, most especially due to overprotection experienced from their caregivers and society at large. Social workers who participated in this study explained that persons with ID in Malta are overprotected, and this acts as a hindrance to their social work practice. Social workers spoke of self-determination as being central to their social work practice. The persons with ID who experienced the most overprotection, on average, demonstrated lower self-determination characteristics. Social workers concluded that the more their clients are overprotected, the less self-determination skills they will have. Considering the findings in this study, it is recommended that there is more awareness and education for primary caregivers and society. Furthermore, it is advised that persons with ID should be given more opportunities to be in decision-making positions. Further research is recommended to study how overprotection is experienced specific to age groups and disability. This research is valuable for persons with ID, social workers, and policy makers as it provides further understanding about the aspects which hinder intellectually disabled persons from developing to their full potential and offers recommendations for improving their experiences of overprotection.