The influence of type 2 diabetes on the risk of cancer

Abstract

Overview of the Topic: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and cancer are two non-communicable diseases, whose prevalence is on the increase, locally and internationally. They are responsible for several deaths around the world. Apart from sharing common risk factors, T2DM can also be considered as a possible risk factor of cancer due to underlying biologic mechanisms (Giovannucci et al., 2010). This review was aimed to examine the possible relationship between these conditions. The Research Question: Does Type 2 Diabetes increase the risk of cancer? PEO Elements: The population (P) studied was adults, both males and females. The exposure (E) was T2DM. The outcome (O) was increased risk of cancer. Method: Keywords from the PEO elements, and their alternative terms were used to search for literature. These were combined with Boolean operators and used with other search tools in various databases. Different limiters were applied to narrow down the search. The PRISMA framework was used to achieve relevant articles. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Studies that focused on Type 1 or Gestational Diabetes, or focused on the effect of lifestyle-related risk factors on cancer incidence, were excluded. Studies that focused on cancer mortality, rather than incidence, were also excluded. Finally, CASP tools were used to appraise literature gathered. Results: Seven key studies resulted from the search; three meta-analyses and four cohort studies. The meta-analyses and two cohort studies found an association between these conditions. On the other hand, two cohort studies did not find an association. Conclusion: T2DM can be considered as a potential risk factor for cancer. However, due to certain inconsistencies between the studies, more research is needed. Implications and Recommendations: Promotion of frequent screening for cancer and T2DM can help in early detection of these conditions. Educative sessions increase awareness among the public and health care professionals, regarding the relationship between these conditions. The necessary tools and guidelines could be made available to all nurses, along with the necessary training on how to use them. Further research can help establish a better relationship between these conditions.