The effect of cognitive bias modification interventions on nicotine related indicators

Abstract

Background: Increased sensitivity towards addiction related cues is termed as a cognitive bias. The present dissertation seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification interventions in decreasing nicotine related indicators, thus improving nicotine addiction outcomes. The research question was formed by utilizing the PICO framework and consists as follows: In tobacco smokers, do cognitive bias modification interventions lead to a reduction in nicotine related indicators? PICO elements: Population of interest were tobacco smokers, whilst cognitive bias modification interventions were analysed without the inclusion of a comparison. The outcome consisted of a reduction in nicotine related indicators. Eligibility criteria was based according to; peer-reviewed studies from the past 15 years, English language studies, high quality evidence studies which utilized CBM on patients who fulfilled standardised criteria of nicotine use disorder and explored addiction related outcomes measured by standardized tools and studies including follow-up. Excluded studies were those that failed to meet eligible criteria. Primary studies yielded from the systematic search were; 1 meta-analysis, 2 systematic reviews and 3 randomized controlled trials. Literature Appraisal: The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was employed as an assessment tool to facilitate the appraisal of any methodological bias present within the primary studies. Effect description: Non-conclusive results were obtained in view of CBM efficacy in reducing nicotine related indicators. Interpretation: Numerous results indicated no significant difference between intervention groups and placebo control groups. However, a multitude of limitations as highlighted by poor sample sizes and high heterogeneity amongst others, render results inconclusive to support evidence-based practice (EBP). This stimulates the need for further research in these relatively new addiction interventions. Recommendations: Development of a unified protocol and longer follow-up periods amongst others.